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In Chapters 3 to 5, I usually assume a very general objective: describing the social structure of an animal population with maximum precision. The methods considered, however, should be useful when only one element of social structure is being examined or a hypothesis, causal or functional, is being tested (Chapter 7). In these cases, it is very important to state the question clearly and design the data collection and analysis appropriately. CHAPTER ONE 24 Thus, before starting research, we should consider some fundamental questions.

This matrix is symmetric. The second form of data matrix frequently used in social analysis is a similarity matrix. Here, both the rows and columns generally refer to individuals, usually the same set of individuals. ” Similarity matrices are useful in several situations. 3). 3. A similarity matrix need not be symmetric, for instance, if association is defined in terms of nearest neighbor distances, so that A may be B’s nearest neighbor but B is not A’s. , 0, 1, 2, . . ) counts of dyadic interaction events.

5 Data Matrices Social data are usually represented by matrices (two-way tables of numbers). There are two principal forms. The simplest form is the rectangular data matrix. It is indexed by subjects (by convention giving the rows) and variables (the columns). An important example is a group-by-individual matrix. Rows represent groups and columns represent individuals, with “1” indicating that the individual was in the group and “0” that it was not in the group, or perhaps that it was not observed in the group.

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